I'm confused by the intended pip usage. Pip comes installed with Python, which is great, but I get the following warnings when new versions come out: WARNING: You are using pip version 21.1.1; however, version 21.1.3 is available. You should consider upgrading via the '/usr/local/opt/python@3.8/bin/python3.8 -m pip install --upgrade pip' command. I follow the instructions to install it using the command they gave. But then it uninstalls my existing pip and is not able to install the new version. Installing collected packages: pip Attempting uninstall: pip Found existing installation: pip 21.1.1 Uninstalling pip-21.1.1: ERROR: Could not install packages due to an OSError: Cannot move the non-empty directory '/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip-21.1.1.dist-info/': Lacking write permission to '/usr/local/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip-21.1.1.dist-info/'. The pip command is now unrecognized, and the official documentation for upgrading pip suggests running: python -m pip install -U pip which gives the same permission error. I Google this error, and found that the community highly advises to not sudo from these questions (this and this). They also advised pip3 install --upgrade pip --user which also gave the same error. The common consensus is to only install pip packages inside virtual environments, but I'm hesitant to have pip completely uninstalled. So I got pip to install using sudo, but it's unclear whether I've inadvertently affected (or will affect future) system-wide installations, or how I'd check for these. I don't understand why installing pip inside /usr/local/ requires sudo, and whether I should only be using pip exclusively inside virtual environments and never outside it Continue reading...
