How to type hint overload the return type of a Callable and type differently and safely? The problem I'm having is that the type doesn't support ParamSpec, so I can't use that to enforce args and kwargs, in the same way as as Callable. from collections.abc import Callable import typing_extensions as t P = t.ParamSpec("P") T_co = t.TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True) class ExpectCallable(t.Generic[P, T_co]): ... class ExpectType(ExpectCallable[P, T_co]): ... @t.overload def expect( v: type[T_co], /, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs ) -> ExpectType[P, T_co]: ... @t.overload def expect( v: Callable[P, T_co], /, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs ) -> ExpectCallable[P, T_co]: ... def expect( v: type[T_co] | Callable[P, T_co], /, *args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs ) -> ExpectType[P, T_co] | ExpectCallable[P, T_co]: return ExpectType() if isinstance(v, type) else ExpectCallable() class A: def __init__(self, inp: str, /) -> None: ... def fn(inp: str, /) -> None: ... t.assert_type(expect(A), ExpectType[[], A]) # Shouldn't be allowed t.assert_type(expect(fn, "inp"), ExpectCallable[[str], None]) As you can see that t.assert_type(expect(A), ExpectType[[], A]) passes with no errors, even though A is suppose to take in a str argument. I'm expecting expect(A) to require a str argument, similar to how expect(fn, "inp") requires the second parameter "inp". I understand that this is because A is a type, which doesn't have P to type the P.args and P.kwargs, but is there a way to achieve this in a type-safe way? Note that I haven't used *args and **kwargs in the example for simplicity, but they are meant to be used inside of the Expect classes. Continue reading...